SAMURAI X
SHOGUN & SAMURAI"S
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SAMURAI X
SHOGUN & SAMURAI"S
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Japan has a history that dates back thousands of years. Scientists
believe the Japanese people descended from many groups that migrated to the islands from other parts of Asia, including China
and Korea. As early as 4500 B.C., the Japanese islands were inhabited by fishermen, hunters and farmers. The early culture
was known as "Jomon," which meant "cord pattern." That's because the people made pottery decorated with rope-like designs.
Scientists believe a caucasian race called the "Ainu" were the first inhabitants of what is now Japan. The Ainu still exist
today, mostly in the northernmost islands of Japan called "Hokkaido." The next major Japanese cultural changed occured about
200 B.C. The people were known as "Yayoi." The Yayoi were mostly farmers. Scientists believe the present-day Japanese closely
resemble the Yayoi in appearance and language.
War played a central part in the history of Japan. Warring clans
controlled much of the country. A chief headed each clan; made up of related families. The chiefs were the ancestors of Japan's
imperial family. The wars were usually about "land." Only 20% of the land was fit for farming. The struggle for control of
that land eventually gave rise to the Samurai.
One of the important dates in the history of the Japanese warring
class is 660 B.C. That's when, according to legend, Jimmu Tenno became head of a confederation of warlike clans. Tenno was
known as "The Divine Warrior." He led his people from Kyushu to the Kinki region and conquered the people there. Tenno settled
in the area of Yamato. This eventually gave rise to the Yamato dynasty and state. The leaders of Yamato believed themselves
to be of divine origin.
The Yamato clans conducted many military campaigns on the Asian
mainland. The targets included Korea and China. These campaigns led to the importation of Korean and Chinese culture, technology
and martial arts.
Legend says that Emperor Keiko was the first person with the title
of "Shogun." The word meant "Barbarian-subduing General." Legend continues that Keiko had a son named "Prince Yamato." He
was cunning, fearless, strong and a great martial artist. Many believe that Yamato was a role model for future Samurai.
Ancient Yayoi warriors developed weapons, armour and a code during
the ensuing centuries that became the centerpiece for the Japanese Samurai. Early weapons included bows, arrows and swords.
Armour included a helmet that protected head and neck, a breasplate that protected the chest, arm and shoulder protectors,
and a belly wrap. Later armour included protection for the legs and thighs. Armour changed as the type of battles changed.
A big change occured in the 5th century when horses were introduced to Japan. Another change occured in the 15th century because
of the constancy of war and the introduction of guns into battle. The code developed from the Chinese concept of the virtues
of warriors doing battle to the Samurai code of chivalry known as Kyuba no michi ("The Way of Horse and Bow") to the Bushido
("Way of the Warrior") code.
"Bushido" means "Way of the Warrior." It was at the heart of the
beliefs and conduct of the Samurai. The philosophy of Bushido is "freedom from fear." It meant that the Samurai transcended
his fear of death. That gave him the peace and power to serve his master faithfully and loyally and die well if necessary.
"Duty" is a primary philosophy of the Samurai.
The Samurai rose out of the continuing battles for land among three
main clans: the Minamoto, the Fujiwara and the Taira. The Samurai eventually became a class unto themselves between the 9th
and 12th centuries A.D. They were called by two names: Samurai (knights-retainers) and Bushi (warriors). Some of them were
related to the ruling class. Others were hired men. They gave complete loyalty to their Daimyo (feudal landowners) and received
land and position in return. Each Daimyo used his Samurai to protect his land and to expand his power and rights to more land.
The Samurai became expert in fighting from horseback and on the
ground. They practiced armed and un-armed combat. The early Samurai emphasized fighting with the bow and arrow. They used
swords for close-in fighting and beheading their enemies. Battles with the Mongols in the late 13th century led to a change
in the Samurai's fighting style. They began to use their sword more and also made more use of spears and naginata. The Samurai
slowly changed from fighting on horseback to fighting on foot.
The Samurai wore two swords (daisho). One was long; the other short.
The long sword (daito - katana) was more than 24 inches. The short sword (shoto - wakizashi) was between 12 and 24 inches.
The Samurai often gave names to their swords and believed it was the "soul" of their warriorship. The oldest swords were straight
and had their early design in Korea and China. The Samurai's desire for tougher, sharper swords for battle gave rise to the
curved blade we still have today. The sword had its beginning as iron combined with carbon. The swordsmith used fire, water,
anvil and hammer to shape the world's best swords. After forging the blade, the sword polisher did his work to prepare the
blade for the "furniture" that surrounded it. Next, the sword tester took the new blade and cut through the bodies of corpses
or condemned criminals. They started by cutting through the small bones of the body and moved up to the large bones. Test
results were often recorded on the nakago (the metal piece attaching the sword blade to the handle).
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